The treaty is set to come into force in January and replaces the transition phase.

该条约将于明年1月生效，并取代过渡阶段。

Turns out, quantum vortices also involved in an entirely new topological phase transition discovered by these two physicists!

事实证明，两位物理学家发现的一个全新的拓扑相变中也涉及到量子涡旋！

You've heard of things melting, boiling, freezing, and condensing… but there are other kinds of phase transitions, too.

你听过物体的融化、沸腾、冻结和浓缩等，但还有其他种类的相变。

Phase transitions describe how one state of matter becomes another, thanks to changing conditions like temperature.

相变受温度等条件变化的影响下，物质的一种态如何变成另一种态的。

It's called the electroweak phase transition or the electroweak symmetry breaking.

被称为电弱相变或电弱对称性破缺。

We can say, okay, that's when this electroweak phase transition happened.

我们可以么说，好的，电弱相变发生的时候。

Like a phase shift, phase transition of some kind.

像某种相位转移，相变一样。

There's no discrete phase transition like that.

不存在那样明确的相变过程。

One common example of a phase transition is the freezing of water when you cool it down.

相变的一个常见例子当你冷却水时它会结冰。

Or let's say a phase transition has to arrive where the AI becomes self-sufficient in its learning.

或者说，需要达到一个相变点，让AI在其学习过程中实现自给自足。

You’ve heard of things melting, boiling, freezing, and condensing… but there are other kinds of phase transitions, too.

你听说过融化、沸腾、冻结和冷凝的事物… … 但也有其他类型的相变。

And this is important because at low temperatures, gapless quantum systems can undergo phase transitions, while gapped systems cannot.

很重要， 因为在低温下，无间隙量子系统可以发生相变，而间隙系统则不能。

So it's almost like a phase transition of some kind.

所以几乎像某种相变一样。

It's exactly—it's a phase transition, but it's a double phase transition.

正——它一个相变，但一个双重相变。

In like a phase transition and assembly theory is actually be able to explain why that boundary is where it is.

在相变和组合理论中，实际上能够解释为何一界限位于此处。

It turns out it happens—there's actually two things going on at once at this phase transition, which is

结果表明， 在一相变过程中， 实际上同时发生两件事情， 一点非常引人注目。

Two of the Nobel prize winners, Michael Kosterlitz and David Thouless, studied phase transitions in stuff that's really cold, and really thin—just a few atoms thick.

迈克尔·科斯特利茨和戴维·索利斯 ，研究在极寒和只有几个原子叠在一起那么厚的极薄物质中的相变。

Later work has also cast doubt on whether there could be a phase transition in the very early universe of the kind required.

后来的工作也对极早期宇宙中否可能存在所需类型的相变提出质疑。

The proposals from the Saudi-backed high negotiations committee envisage President Bashar al-Assad's stepping down after a first 6-month transition phase, something he has always insisted he won't do.

在长达六个月之久的过渡期后，应让叙总统巴沙尔下台，虽然巴沙尔本人简称绝不会做的事情。

But we're seeing these phase transitions of random performance until some, let's say, scale of a model, and then it goes beyond that.

但我们观察到， 在模型达到某种规模之前， 随机性能会出现些相变，随后性能便超越一规模。