The treaty is set to come into force in January and replaces the transition phase.

该条约将于明年1月生效，并取代过渡阶段。

Turns out, quantum vortices also involved in an entirely new topological phase transition discovered by these two physicists!

事实证明，这两位物理学家发现个全新拓扑相中也涉量子涡旋！

You've heard of things melting, boiling, freezing, and condensing… but there are other kinds of phase transitions, too.

你听过物体融化、沸腾、冻结和浓缩等，但还有其他种类相。

Phase transitions describe how one state of matter becomes another, thanks to changing conditions like temperature.

相描述受温度等条件化影响下，物质种态是如何成另种态。

It's called the electroweak phase transition or the electroweak symmetry breaking.

这被称为电弱相或电弱对称性破缺。

We can say, okay, that's when this electroweak phase transition happened.

我们可以这么说，好，这就是电弱相发生时候。

Like a phase shift, phase transition of some kind.

就像某种相位转移，相样。

There's no discrete phase transition like that.

不存在那样明确相过程。

One common example of a phase transition is the freezing of water when you cool it down.

相个常见例子是当你冷却水时它会结冰。

Or let's say a phase transition has to arrive where the AI becomes self-sufficient in its learning.

或者说，需要达个相点，让AI在其学习过程中实现自给自足。

You’ve heard of things melting, boiling, freezing, and condensing… but there are other kinds of phase transitions, too.

你听说过融化、沸腾、冻结和冷凝事物… … 但也有其他类型相。

And this is important because at low temperatures, gapless quantum systems can undergo phase transitions, while gapped systems cannot.

这很重要， 因为在低温下，无间隙量子系统可以发生相，而间隙系统则不能。

So it's almost like a phase transition of some kind.

所以这几乎就像某种相样。

It's exactly—it's a phase transition, but it's a double phase transition.

这正是——它是个相，但这是个双重相。

In like a phase transition and assembly theory is actually be able to explain why that boundary is where it is.

在相和组合理论中，实际上能够解释为何这界限位于此处。

It turns out it happens—there's actually two things going on at once at this phase transition, which is

结果表明， 在这相过程中， 实际上同时发生两件事情， 这点非常引人注目。

Two of the Nobel prize winners, Michael Kosterlitz and David Thouless, studied phase transitions in stuff that's really cold, and really thin—just a few atoms thick.

迈克尔·科斯特利茨和戴维·索利斯 ，研究在极寒和只有几个原子叠在起那么厚极薄物质中相。

Later work has also cast doubt on whether there could be a phase transition in the very early universe of the kind required.

后来工作也对极早期宇宙中是否可能存在所需类型相提出质疑。

The proposals from the Saudi-backed high negotiations committee envisage President Bashar al-Assad's stepping down after a first 6-month transition phase, something he has always insisted he won't do.

在长达六个月之久过渡期后，应让叙总统巴沙尔下台，虽然这是巴沙尔本人简称绝不会做事情。

But we're seeing these phase transitions of random performance until some, let's say, scale of a model, and then it goes beyond that.

但我们观察， 在模型达某种规模之前， 随机性能会出现这些相，随后性能便超越这规模。