The treaty is set to come into force in January and replaces the transition phase.

该条约将于明年1月生效，并取代过渡阶段。

Turns out, quantum vortices also involved in an entirely new topological phase transition discovered by these two physicists!

事实证明，这两位物理学家发现一个拓扑相变中也涉及到了量子涡旋！

You've heard of things melting, boiling, freezing, and condensing… but there are other kinds of phase transitions, too.

听过物体融化、沸腾、冻结和浓缩等，但还有其他种类相变。

Phase transitions describe how one state of matter becomes another, thanks to changing conditions like temperature.

相变描述了受温度等条件变化影响下，物质一种态是如何变成另一种态。

It's called the electroweak phase transition or the electroweak symmetry breaking.

这被称为电弱相变或电弱对称性破缺。

We can say, okay, that's when this electroweak phase transition happened.

我们可以这么说，好，这就是电弱相变发生时候。

Like a phase shift, phase transition of some kind.

就像某种相位转移，相变一样。

There's no discrete phase transition like that.

不存在那样明确相变过程。

One common example of a phase transition is the freezing of water when you cool it down.

相变一个常见例子是当水时它会结冰。

Or let's say a phase transition has to arrive where the AI becomes self-sufficient in its learning.

或者说，需要达到一个相变点，让AI在其学习过程中实现自给自足。

You’ve heard of things melting, boiling, freezing, and condensing… but there are other kinds of phase transitions, too.

听说过融化、沸腾、冻结和凝事物… … 但也有其他类型相变。

And this is important because at low temperatures, gapless quantum systems can undergo phase transitions, while gapped systems cannot.

这很重要， 因为在低温下，无间隙量子系统可以发生相变，而间隙系统则不能。

So it's almost like a phase transition of some kind.

所以这几乎就像某种相变一样。

It's exactly—it's a phase transition, but it's a double phase transition.

这正是——它是一个相变，但这是一个双重相变。

In like a phase transition and assembly theory is actually be able to explain why that boundary is where it is.

在相变和组合理论中，实际上能够解释为何这一界限位于此处。

It turns out it happens—there's actually two things going on at once at this phase transition, which is

结果表明， 在这一相变过程中， 实际上同时发生了两件事情， 这一点非常引人注目。

Two of the Nobel prize winners, Michael Kosterlitz and David Thouless, studied phase transitions in stuff that's really cold, and really thin—just a few atoms thick.

迈克尔·科斯特利茨和戴维·索利斯 ，研究了在极寒和只有几个原子叠在一起那么厚极薄物质中相变。

Later work has also cast doubt on whether there could be a phase transition in the very early universe of the kind required.

后来工作也对极早期宇宙中是否可能存在所需类型相变提出了质疑。

The proposals from the Saudi-backed high negotiations committee envisage President Bashar al-Assad's stepping down after a first 6-month transition phase, something he has always insisted he won't do.

在长达六个月之久过渡期后，应让叙总统巴沙尔下台，虽然这是巴沙尔本人简称绝不会做事情。

But we're seeing these phase transitions of random performance until some, let's say, scale of a model, and then it goes beyond that.

但我们观察到， 在模型达到某种规模之前， 随机性能会出现这些相变，随后性能便超越了这一规模。